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This data set includes measurements of water samples collected at hydrographic stations from the R/V Sikuliaq during the Arctic Chief Scientist Training cruise June 6–12, 2023 sponsored by the University National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) Arctic Icebreaker Coordinating Committee and the National Science Foundation. SKQ202309T was utilized as a training expedition for early-career Arctic oceanographers, focusing on skills essential for leading research cruises. Training topics centered on logistics, how to request time on ships, how to coordinate personnel and equipment, how to plan for operations and survey tasks at sea, how to work with vessel crew and staff, and how to edit research plans based on field conditions. Participants collected various data sets opportunistically throughout the research training. The cruise transited from Seward to Nome and water samples were collected at six hydrographic stations for salinity (this data set). Specifically, this data set contains conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) measurements of salinity at discrete water depths and portasal measurements of water samples from the corresponding bottles. Bottle samples were collected in 200 milliliter (mL) borosilicate bottles which were rinsed at least three times before filling. The bottles were sealed with Nalgene screw caps and stored without freezing. 

Abstract Indian Ocean meridional heat transport (MHT_IO) drives climate and ecosystem impacts, through changes to ocean temperature. Improved understanding of natural variability in tropical and subtropical MHT_IOis needed to contextualize observations and future projections. Previous studies suggest that El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) can drive variability in MHT_IO. However, it is unclear whether internally generated IOD can drive variability in MHT_IO, or if the apparent relationship between IOD and MHT_IOarises because both are modulated by ENSO. Here, we use a model experiment which dynamically removes ENSO to determine the role of internally forced IOD on MHT_IO. We find that IOD is not linked to anomalies in MHT_IO. Nevertheless, internal atmospheric variability drives significant MHT_IOvariability. There is little evidence for decadal or multidecadal variability in MHT_IO, suggesting this may be a region where an anthropogenic trend rises above the level of internal variability sooner.